Biblical: a fault, defect, or sin. The Christian sense of the term implies lack of conformity to God's law and consequent guilt, a sense not found in Bsm. de nang skyon gzigs pas/ seeing faults in them (Heb. 8:8), bla chen dag gis khong la nyes skyon mang po bkal/ the chief priests accused him of many things [lit. crimes and faults] (Mk. 15:3).
Buddhist: In Bsm. faults are usually seen as stains or removable imperfections rather than as moral transgressions or sins. All lay Bsts. are believed to have four faults: birth in cyclic existence, seeking salvation for private peace, obstructions to meditative practice, and obstructions to omniscience (KTM). 1) In a general sense, skyon/ is a term for defect or flaw: skyon can/ damaged, skyon gnod/ sabotage, skyon cha/ fault, kha dog gi sgo nas skyon yod med/ to see by means of its color whether there is a defect in refined gold (TRC 184), spyi tshogs rnying pa'i lam srol skyon cha/ the faulty customs of the old society (RRT 283 n. 25). 2) In a Bst. sense skyon/ is often used of errors in meditative technique: skyon du bltas te/ seeing as a fault [in technique of meditation] (TRC 201), or of something that is simply objectionable and therefore faulty ngan song gi sdug bsngal la skyon du mthong nas/ seeing as objectionable the suffering of those gone to evil destinies (TRC 217); 3) skyon/ may also be used of non-virtuous acts or moral errors: ngoms pa med pa'i skyon/ the fault of dissatisfaction (TRC 260), sangs rgyas kyi chos nas gsungs pa'i skyon dang yon tan/ the faults and the good qualities which are taught in the doctrine of the Buddha (TRC 167), sems bzang gting nas dkar kyang skyon du rtsi/ if your mind is truly good and pure, they will judge it a defect (HTE 176).
Proverbs: 1) rang skyon mi mthong mi skyon ston le 'dra/ I don't see my own faults, yet I point out those of others (KPU 35), skyes mchog rang gi skyon la lta/,,skye bo ngan pa gzhan skyon tshol/ the noble look upon their own faults, the wicked seek the faults of others (CTL 220, n. 23); 2) skyon spong dge bsgrub/ abandon faults and cultivate virtues (TQP 32).
Biblical: evil, sin, offense, transgression: nged kyis gzhan nyes sel ba ltar/ as we have forgiven others' sins (Mt. 6:12), skyon med dang nyes med/ without fault or defect (Phil. 2:15).
Buddhist: 1) moral responsibility or blame: sman pas ma nyes sman gyis ma nyes te/,,nad pa de nyid kyis ni nyes pa yin/ it is not the fault of the physician or the medicine, but of the sick man himself (TRC 77); 2) a character defect or a moral fault: nyes pa mi smra rgyal sras lag len yin/ not to mention faults is the practice of the sons of the Buddha (GSL 26); 3) a defect or mistake in technique: nyes pa lnga/ the five meditative faults: le lo/ laziness, gdams ngag brjed pa/ forgetting instructions, bying rgod/ dullness and agitation, mngon 'du mi byed pa/ non-application of antidotes, mngon par 'du byed pa/ over-application of antidotes (TRI 95); 4) violation of a vow: nyes byas bzhi bcu zhe drug the forty six faults (transgressions of boddhisattva vows (TRI 95); 5) a crime or sin: srog bcad pa'i nyes pa/ the sin of killing (DPD), log g.yem byas na de bas nyes pa che/ to commit adultery is a great sin (DPD), chang de nyes pa kun kyi rtsa ba yin/ [drinking] beer is the root of all evil (DPD); 6) evil in general: legs pas nyes pa pham par gyis/ overcome evil with goodness (DMP 114).
Cognates: nyes chad/ punishment, nyes pa can/ or nyes can/ criminal (AMD), nyes bya/ monetary fine, penalty.
[lit. fall]
Biblical: a moral fall or fault: nyams sad nang mi ltung ba'i phyir/ so that you will not fall into temptation (Mt. 26:41), ltung ba rnams la drag po ste/ sternness to those who fell (Rom. 11:22), sha za ba dang chang 'thung ba sogs khyed kyi spun ltung ba'i rgyu spong ba legs/ it is better not to eat meat or drink wine or to do anything else that will cause your brother to fall (Rom. 14:21), bud med de bslus par gyur te sdig pa'i nang ltung ba yin/ it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner (1 Tim. 2:14).
Buddhist: ltung ba/ is a violation of religious, and especially monastic rules or vows, of which there are five classes: ltung ba lnga/ and four causes: ltung ba 'byung ba'i sgo bzhi/ (CNG 39). When a ltung ba/ occurs, it must be confessed ltung bshags/ (TRI 112); see confess.